KRISIS PUPUK DUNIA DAN DAMPAKNYA BAGI INDONESIA
Keywords:
krisis, pupuk, dampak, Indonesia
Abstract
Krisis pupuk dunia disebabkan meningkatnya harga bahan baku pupuk, perang Rusia dan Ukraina, pandemi Covid-19, perubahan iklim, bencana alam, dan pembatasan ekspor oleh produsen. Makalah ini mengulas krisis pupuk dunia dan dampaknya terhadap Indonesia. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif, melalui studi literatur. Data sekunder diperoleh dari dokumen, jurnal, buku, dan website. Hasil Kajian menunjukkan harga pupuk melonjak cukup tinggi mencapai 125%. Konsumsi pupuk dunia terus meningkat mencapai 199,88 juta ton, sementara di Indonesia konsumsi pupuk subsidi 8,73 juta ton/tahun. Rusia merupakan negara pengekspor pupuk dan berkontribusi besar terhadap perdagangan pupuk dunia. Pupuk yang diimpor oleh Brasil, India, Amerika, China, Eropa, dan Indonesia mencapai 46,8 juta ton (62%). Impor pupuk Indonesia berasal dari Rusia dan Belarus mencapai 31,76%. Krisis pupuk dunia berdampak pada peningkatan harga pupuk non subsidi dan anggaran pupuk subsidi, serta berkurangnya volume pupuk subsidi. Dari aspek sosial ekonomi, pendapatan dan daya beli petani berkurang, ekspor turun, impor naik, inflasi, dan kemiskinan. Dari aspek ketahanan pangan, memicu terjadinya krisis pangan dan stabilitas ekonomi. Implikasinya dalam jangka pendek hingga menengah tidak ada perubahan kebijakan subsidi pupuk, justru membangun sistem subsidi yang lebih efisien dan efektif. Peningkatan efisiensi penggunaan pupuk, didukung dengan pengawalan dan pendampingan oleh penyuluh dan stakeholder lainnya.
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References
Jurnal
Siagian RA dan Soetjipto W. 2020. Cost efficiency of rice farming in Indonesia: Stochhastic Frontier Approach. Agrise. XX(1): 7-14.
Yanto RA, Sihombing, L, dan Kusuma SI. 2013. Analisis perbedaan harga pembelian dan kelangkaan pupuk bersubsidi di Kabupaten Karo. Jurnal of Agriculture and Agribusiness Socioeconomics. 2(3).
Fahmid IM, Jamil A, Wahyudi, Agustian A, Hatta M, Aldillah R, Yofa RD, Sumedi, Sumaryanto, dan Susilowati SH. 2022. Study of impact of increasing the highest retail proce of subsidized fertilizer on rice production in Indonesia.
Dokumen
Direktorat Pupuk dan Pestisida. 2022. Laporan tahunan Direktorat Pupuk dan Pestisida. 2022. Kementerian Pertanian.
Wulandari N. 2018. Determinants of paddy production in Indonesia; Study of government expenditures in food subsector and climate change. The Degree of Master of Public Policy, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, Tokyo, Japan.
Website
Anonim. 2022. Palm Oil Montly Prices. https://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=palm-oil&months=120 (diakses 20 Desember 2022)
Arndt C, Diao X, Dorosh P, Pauw K, and Thurlow J. 2022. Russia-Ukraine War and the Global Crisis: Impacts on Poverty and Food Security in Developing Countries. Global Crisis: Country Series. Country Brief 20. DOI : https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.136382. https://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/136382/filename/136594.pdf
Balaji SJ and Babu S. 2022. The Ukraine War and its Food Security Implications for India. Policy Note. September, 2022. https://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/136380/filename/136591.pdf
BPS. 2017. Nilai produksi dan biaya produksi per musim tanam per hektar budidaya tanaman padi sawah, padi ladang, jagung, dan kedelai, 2017. https://www.bps.go.id/statictable/2019/04/10/2055/nilai-produksi-dan-biaya-produksi-per-musim-tanam-per-hektar-budidaya-tanaman-padi-sawah-padi-ladang-jagung-dan-kedelai-2017.html
FAO. 2022a. The importance of Ukraine and the Russiian Federation for global agricultural markets and the risks associated with the war in Ukraine. Information Note. Juni 10, 2022 Update. https://www.fao.org/3/cb9013en/cb9013en.pdf
FAO. 2022b. FAO Food Price Price Index. https://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/foodpricesindex/en/
FAOSTAT. 2020. Fertilizer by nutrient. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RFN
Fernandez L. 2022. Consumption of agricultural fertilizer worldwide in 2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1265868/global-fertilizer-consumption-by-nutrient-and-region/
Glauber J and Laborde D. 2022a. How will Russia’s invasion of Ukraine affect global food scority?. February 24, 2022. https://www.ifpri.org/blog/how-will-russias-invasion-ukraine-affect-global-food-security
Glauber J and Laborde D. 2022b. How Russia’s invasion of Ukraine is affecting global agricultural markets. Report. DOI: https://ww.aei.org/research-products/report/how-russias-invasion-of-ukraine-is-affecting-global-agricultural-markets/. https://www.aei.org/research-products/report/how-russias-invasion-of-ukraine-is-affecting-global-agricultural-markets/
Grebmer KV, Bernstein J, Wiemers M, Reiner L, Bachmeier M, Hanano A, Towey O, Chéilleachair RN, Foley C, Gitter S, Larocque G, and Fritschel H. 2022. Global hunger index: Food systems transformation and local governance food systems transformation and local governance. https://www.globalhungerindex.org/pdf/en/2022.pdf
Heberbrand C and Laborde D. 2022a. High fertilizer prices contribute to rising global food security concerns. April 25, 2022. https://www.ifpri.org/blog/high-fertilizer-prices-contribute-rising-global-food-security-concerns
Heberbrand C and Laborde D. 2022b. Short-them policy considerations to respond to Russia-Ukraine crisis disruptions in fertilizer availability and affordability. Juni 8, 2022. https://www.ifpri.org/blog/short-term-policy-considerations-respond-russia-ukraine-crisis-disruptions-fertilizer
Kementerian Pertanian. 2022. Laporan rata-rata harga produsen perdesaan tingkat nasional (tahunan). https://pertanian.go.id/.
Laborde D. 2022a Fertilizer prices- World Markets: Fertilizer dashboard. https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/laborde6680/viz/Fertilizer_Dashboard/FertilizerDashboard
Laborde D. 2022b. Current restrictions on fertilizer trade: Food & Fertilizer export restrictions tracker. https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/laborde6680/viz/ExportRestrictionsTracker/FoodExportRestrictionsTracker?publish=yes
Laborde D and Mamun A. 2022. Documentation for food and fertilizers export restriction tracker: Tracking export policy responses affecting global food markets during crisis. IFPRI. Food and Fertilizer Policy Tracker. Working Paper 2. April 2022. https://www.ifpri.org/blog/how-will-russias-invasion-ukraine-affect-global-food-security
Laborde D, Mamun A, and Parent M. 2022. Documentation for the covid-19 food trade policy tracker: Tracking government responses affecting global food markets during the covid-19 crisis. IFPRI. Food and fertilizer trade policy tracker. Working Paper 1. April 2022. https://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/133711/filename/133921.pdf
OECD. 2022. The impacts and policy implications of Russias aggression against Ukraine on agricultural markets. Policy Responses: Ukraine Tackling the policy challenges. https://www.oecd.org/ukraine-hub/policy-responses/the-impacts-and-policy-implications-of-russia-s-aggression-against-ukraine-on-agricultural-markets-0030a4cd/
Tempo. 2022. Petani: Harga pupuk nonsubsidi naik tidak wajar sampai 100 persen. https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/1548257/petani-harga-pupuk-nonsubsidi-naik-tidak-wajar-sampai-100-persen#:~:text=Berdasarkan%20catatan%20SPI%20hingga%20pekan,kenaikan%20menjadi%20Rp%20380%20ribu.
UNCTAD. 2022. Global impact of war in Ukraine on food, energy and finance systems: A three dimensional crisis. Brief No. 1. April 13, 2022. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/un-gcrg-ukraine-brief-no-1_en.pdf
UN Global Crisis Response Group on Food, Energy and Finance. 2022. Global impact of the war in Ukraine: Billions of people face the greatest cost-of-living crisis in a generation. Brief No. 2. Juni 8, 2022. https://news.un.org/pages/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/GCRG_2nd-Brief_Jun8_2022_FINAL.pdf
Siagian RA dan Soetjipto W. 2020. Cost efficiency of rice farming in Indonesia: Stochhastic Frontier Approach. Agrise. XX(1): 7-14.
Yanto RA, Sihombing, L, dan Kusuma SI. 2013. Analisis perbedaan harga pembelian dan kelangkaan pupuk bersubsidi di Kabupaten Karo. Jurnal of Agriculture and Agribusiness Socioeconomics. 2(3).
Fahmid IM, Jamil A, Wahyudi, Agustian A, Hatta M, Aldillah R, Yofa RD, Sumedi, Sumaryanto, dan Susilowati SH. 2022. Study of impact of increasing the highest retail proce of subsidized fertilizer on rice production in Indonesia.
Dokumen
Direktorat Pupuk dan Pestisida. 2022. Laporan tahunan Direktorat Pupuk dan Pestisida. 2022. Kementerian Pertanian.
Wulandari N. 2018. Determinants of paddy production in Indonesia; Study of government expenditures in food subsector and climate change. The Degree of Master of Public Policy, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, Tokyo, Japan.
Website
Anonim. 2022. Palm Oil Montly Prices. https://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=palm-oil&months=120 (diakses 20 Desember 2022)
Arndt C, Diao X, Dorosh P, Pauw K, and Thurlow J. 2022. Russia-Ukraine War and the Global Crisis: Impacts on Poverty and Food Security in Developing Countries. Global Crisis: Country Series. Country Brief 20. DOI : https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.136382. https://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/136382/filename/136594.pdf
Balaji SJ and Babu S. 2022. The Ukraine War and its Food Security Implications for India. Policy Note. September, 2022. https://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/136380/filename/136591.pdf
BPS. 2017. Nilai produksi dan biaya produksi per musim tanam per hektar budidaya tanaman padi sawah, padi ladang, jagung, dan kedelai, 2017. https://www.bps.go.id/statictable/2019/04/10/2055/nilai-produksi-dan-biaya-produksi-per-musim-tanam-per-hektar-budidaya-tanaman-padi-sawah-padi-ladang-jagung-dan-kedelai-2017.html
FAO. 2022a. The importance of Ukraine and the Russiian Federation for global agricultural markets and the risks associated with the war in Ukraine. Information Note. Juni 10, 2022 Update. https://www.fao.org/3/cb9013en/cb9013en.pdf
FAO. 2022b. FAO Food Price Price Index. https://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/foodpricesindex/en/
FAOSTAT. 2020. Fertilizer by nutrient. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RFN
Fernandez L. 2022. Consumption of agricultural fertilizer worldwide in 2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1265868/global-fertilizer-consumption-by-nutrient-and-region/
Glauber J and Laborde D. 2022a. How will Russia’s invasion of Ukraine affect global food scority?. February 24, 2022. https://www.ifpri.org/blog/how-will-russias-invasion-ukraine-affect-global-food-security
Glauber J and Laborde D. 2022b. How Russia’s invasion of Ukraine is affecting global agricultural markets. Report. DOI: https://ww.aei.org/research-products/report/how-russias-invasion-of-ukraine-is-affecting-global-agricultural-markets/. https://www.aei.org/research-products/report/how-russias-invasion-of-ukraine-is-affecting-global-agricultural-markets/
Grebmer KV, Bernstein J, Wiemers M, Reiner L, Bachmeier M, Hanano A, Towey O, Chéilleachair RN, Foley C, Gitter S, Larocque G, and Fritschel H. 2022. Global hunger index: Food systems transformation and local governance food systems transformation and local governance. https://www.globalhungerindex.org/pdf/en/2022.pdf
Heberbrand C and Laborde D. 2022a. High fertilizer prices contribute to rising global food security concerns. April 25, 2022. https://www.ifpri.org/blog/high-fertilizer-prices-contribute-rising-global-food-security-concerns
Heberbrand C and Laborde D. 2022b. Short-them policy considerations to respond to Russia-Ukraine crisis disruptions in fertilizer availability and affordability. Juni 8, 2022. https://www.ifpri.org/blog/short-term-policy-considerations-respond-russia-ukraine-crisis-disruptions-fertilizer
Kementerian Pertanian. 2022. Laporan rata-rata harga produsen perdesaan tingkat nasional (tahunan). https://pertanian.go.id/.
Laborde D. 2022a Fertilizer prices- World Markets: Fertilizer dashboard. https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/laborde6680/viz/Fertilizer_Dashboard/FertilizerDashboard
Laborde D. 2022b. Current restrictions on fertilizer trade: Food & Fertilizer export restrictions tracker. https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/laborde6680/viz/ExportRestrictionsTracker/FoodExportRestrictionsTracker?publish=yes
Laborde D and Mamun A. 2022. Documentation for food and fertilizers export restriction tracker: Tracking export policy responses affecting global food markets during crisis. IFPRI. Food and Fertilizer Policy Tracker. Working Paper 2. April 2022. https://www.ifpri.org/blog/how-will-russias-invasion-ukraine-affect-global-food-security
Laborde D, Mamun A, and Parent M. 2022. Documentation for the covid-19 food trade policy tracker: Tracking government responses affecting global food markets during the covid-19 crisis. IFPRI. Food and fertilizer trade policy tracker. Working Paper 1. April 2022. https://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/133711/filename/133921.pdf
OECD. 2022. The impacts and policy implications of Russias aggression against Ukraine on agricultural markets. Policy Responses: Ukraine Tackling the policy challenges. https://www.oecd.org/ukraine-hub/policy-responses/the-impacts-and-policy-implications-of-russia-s-aggression-against-ukraine-on-agricultural-markets-0030a4cd/
Tempo. 2022. Petani: Harga pupuk nonsubsidi naik tidak wajar sampai 100 persen. https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/1548257/petani-harga-pupuk-nonsubsidi-naik-tidak-wajar-sampai-100-persen#:~:text=Berdasarkan%20catatan%20SPI%20hingga%20pekan,kenaikan%20menjadi%20Rp%20380%20ribu.
UNCTAD. 2022. Global impact of war in Ukraine on food, energy and finance systems: A three dimensional crisis. Brief No. 1. April 13, 2022. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/un-gcrg-ukraine-brief-no-1_en.pdf
UN Global Crisis Response Group on Food, Energy and Finance. 2022. Global impact of the war in Ukraine: Billions of people face the greatest cost-of-living crisis in a generation. Brief No. 2. Juni 8, 2022. https://news.un.org/pages/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/GCRG_2nd-Brief_Jun8_2022_FINAL.pdf
Published
2023-07-13
How to Cite
Sarwani, M., Mulyono, J., & Irianto, S. (2023). KRISIS PUPUK DUNIA DAN DAMPAKNYA BAGI INDONESIA. Jurnal Analis Kebijakan, 7(1), 29-47. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.37145/jak.v7i1.560
Section
Articles
